زمان آینده کامل، future perfect

Future Perfect

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:
    * You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
    * Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
    * You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

    * You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
    * Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
    * You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

    * By next November, I will have received my promotion.
    * By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
    * I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
    * Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
    * Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
    * By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
    * How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

    * I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
    * By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.

Examples:

    * I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
    * I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

    * You will only have learned a few words.
    * Will you only have learned a few words?

    * You are only going to have learned a few words.
    * Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

    * They will have completed the project before the deadline. Active
    * The project will have been completed before the deadline. Passive

    * They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
    * The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. Passive


The Source: englishpage

The Source: englishpage

VOWELS, CONSONANTS AND SYLLABLES IN ENGLISH

VOWELS, CONSONANTS AND SYLLABLES IN ENGLISH:

English Teaching Perspective

David S Taylor
School of Education
University of Leeds
source: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/

Abstract

The terms vowel, consonant, and syllable are crucial in all discussions of English pronunciation. Despite this, the meaning of these terms is often not clear. In particular, it is frequently unclear whether they are being used in a phonetic or a phonological sense. Both phonetically and phonologically there are problems of definition. This paper explores the meaning of these terms, and points out that, as teachers of English, we can only make sense of the phenomena to which these terms refer if we take into account both the phonetic and the phonological aspects, while at the same time carefully distinguishing between them.
    Discussions of English pronunciation, particularly from a teaching and learning point of view, often suffer from a failure to distinguish sufficiently between phonetics and phonology and to consider the relation between the two. For example, the well-known vowel and consonant charts reproduced in most treatments of English pronunciation often do not make it clear whether the sounds referred to are phonetic or phonological entities. In the British and European tradition there has perhaps been a tendency to adopt a too phonetically-oriented approach, while the American tradition has perhaps paid too much attention to phonology (see Taylor 1994). Yet it is obvious that most phenomena we come across in dealing with English pronunciation can only be properly understood with reference to both phonetics and phonology. Nowhere is this more clear than in the case of vowels, consonants and syllables. It is the intention in this paper to explore these problematic terms and what they refer to from the point of view of what English teachers need to know about them.

The terms vowel and consonant are fairly familiar, and probably anyone who can read and write has come across them. This very familiarity is in itself a problem, however, because we all tend to assume that we know what vowels and consonants are. But when we come to consider the matter more closely we quickly realize that this is far from being the case. This can easily be shown by asking an English speaker, How many vowels there are in English? By far the commonest response to this question is 'five'. A moment's reflection, however, will show that the matter is by no means as straightforward as this. It is clear that the answer 'five' refers to the vowel letters of the Roman alphabet used to write English. It is equally clear that there are more than five vowel sounds in English.

Here then is a first difficulty. In common use and understanding the terms vowel and consonant tend to refer to the letters of the alphabet, in other words to writing. The letters do of course represent sounds, but not in any straightforward way, as can be seen from the fact that we have only five vowel letters to represent about twenty English vowel sounds. In talking about vowels and consonants, therefore, we must first be careful to distinguish clearly between sounds and letters, and between speaking and writing

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